for the semantic information that is key to context-based identification and specification of those objects. It can therefore localise itself using those specifications in the case of fixed objects, or predict how they might move during certain avoidance paths to be taken if they were moving objects. Like the Ottobot, the Kodiak Gen4 uses very little GNSS, despite it always being outdoors and generally far from urban canyons, and instead navigates primarily using its sensors to recognise lanes in the surrounding roads. That is enough for localisation and mapping once an initial GNSS fix upon start-up indicates which road the truck is situated on. Of course, terrestrial vehicles are not the only ones that need GNSS-free navigation, detailed object recognition and the intelligence to act on them. UUVs in particular always have to navigate without GNSS, and cannot have a human make decisions for them remotely. And although underwater SLAM and AI had been theorised about for years before our first issue, major breakthroughs have been made only in recent times. Take for instance the Sunfish AUV (issue 35, December 2020/January 2021), which uses its SLAM to explore and map labyrinthine areas such as underwater caves and plumes in an entirely unassisted and repeatable 50 issues of Uncrewed Systems Technology Special review Autonomy without GNSS has been another major hallmark of the past decade, with UGVs such as the ANYmal able to navigate smoothly whether indoors or outdoors (Courtesy of ANYbotics) 20mm Case Servos North American Sales & Support San Diego, CA | www.hiteccs.com NON-CHINESE MANUFACTURING SOUTH KOREA • Research & Development • Engineering & Manufacturing UNITED STATES • Research & Development • Distribution, Sales & Support PHILIPPINES • Manufacturing • Logistics Stall Torque 60.0kgf•cm Wide Operating Voltage 8.0~32.0V Waterproof Case Rating IP67 MDB961WP Stall Torque 65.0kgf•cm Wide Operating Voltage 9.0~32.0V Waterproof Case Rating IP68 SG20BL INDUSTRIAL MULTIPLE COMMAND PROTOCOLS AVAILABLE:
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